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Porous materials are solid substances containing interconnected or isolated pores that provide high surface area, tunable pore size, and accessible internal cavities. They can be broadly classified into microporous (<2 nm), mesoporous (2–50 nm), and macroporous (>50 nm) materials. Important examples include zeolites, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), porous coordination polymers, activated carbon, and mesoporous silica. Their structural diversity and large surface areas make them attractive for gas storage and separation, catalysis, sensing, adsorption, drug delivery, and energy conversion. In particular, MOFs and COFs offer highly tunable pore environments through rational molecular and structural design.
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